ABSTRACT
ResumenLa distribución y abundancia de la familia Trochillidae generalmente estan influenciadas por la floración y fenología de las plantas de las que se alimentan, principalmente en bosques primarios, por lo que los cambios en la cobertura de la vegetación pueden afectar a sus poblaciones. Se analizó la distribución geográfica y se caracterizó el hábitat para 22 especies residentes de colibríes presentes en el estado de Guerrero con base en el uso de suelo y vegetación de INEGI Serie IV (2007-2010). Los modelos de distribución se generaron con ayuda del Algoritmo Genético para la Producción de Conjuntos de Reglas (GARP), usando los registros históricos de colecciones científicas y trabajo de campo (2001-2009), en combinación con variables climáticas y topográficas. De las 22 especies modeladas, seis son endémicas a México, mismo número de especies que se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo. La mayor concentración potencial de la riqueza (14-20 especies), endemismo (5-6 especies) y especies en riesgo de colibríes (5-6 especies) está en la provincia biótica de la Sierra Madre del Sur. No obstante, la distribución potencial de la mayor parte de los colibríes se presenta en ambientes alterados o agroecosistemas resultado de los cambios en el uso del suelo. Solo en el caso de Campylopterus hemileucurus, Lamprolaima rhami y Heliomaster longisrostris, su distribución potencial es mayor en áreas de vegetación primaria. Las áreas de mayor concentración de colibríes no corresponden con las Áreas de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves en Guerrero, lo que confirma que pese a su diversidad y su extrema popularidad, desde la perspectiva conservacionista los colibríes han recibido relativamente poca atención.
AbstractThe distribution and abundance of species of Trochillidae family is usually influenced by the flowering and phenology of plants used as a feeding source, mainly in primary forest, so that changes in vegetation cover could impact their populations. We analyzed and characterized the geographical distribution and habitat for 22 species of resident hummingbirds in the state of Guerrero using the vegetation and the land use map of INEGI Series IV (2007-2010). Distribution models were generated with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP), using historical records of scientific collections and fieldwork (2001-2009), in combination with climatic and topographic variables. Of the 22 modeled species, six are endemic to Mexico, the same number of species found in a risk category. The highest concentration with regards to richness (14-20 species), endemism (5-6 species) and number of threatened species of hummingbirds (5-6 species) occurred in the biotic province of Sierra Madre del Sur. However, the potential distribution of most of the hummingbirds occurred in disturbed sites or agroecosystems, as a result of changes in land-use. For Campylopterus hemileucurus, Lamprolaima rhami and Heliomaster longisrostris, their potential distribution was highest in areas of primary vegetation. Areas of high hummingbirds presence do not coincide with the Important Bird Areas proposed for bird conservation in Guerrero, considering that, despite its diversity and its extreme popularity, from the conservation perspective hummingbirds have received relatively little attention. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 363-376. Epub 2016 March 01.
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/classification , Ecosystem , Biodiversity , Animal Distribution , Seasons , Population Density , Conservation of Natural Resources , MexicoABSTRACT
Mesoamerica is a biologically complex zone that expands from Southern Mexico to extreme Northern Colombia. The biogeographical patterns and relationships of the mammalian fauna associated to the Mesoamerican Tropical Evergreen Forest (MTEF) are poorly understood, in spite of the wide distribution of this kind of habitat in the region. We compiled a complete georeferenced database of mammalian species distributed in the MTEF of specimens from museum collections and scientific literature. This database was used to create potential distribution maps through the use of environmental niche models (ENMs) by using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) using 22 climatic and topographic layers. Each map was used as a representation of the geographic distribution of the species and all available maps were summed to obtain general patterns of species richness in the region. Also, the maps were used to construct a presence-absence matrix in a grid of squares of 0.5 degrees of side, that was analyzed in a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), which resulted in a hypothesis of the biogeographic scheme in the region. We compiled a total of 41 527 records of 233 species of mammals associated to the MTEF. The maximum concentration of species richness (104-138 species) is located in the areas around the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Chiapas-Western Guatemala, Western Honduras, Central Nicaragua to Northwestern Costa Rica and Western Panama. The proposed regionalization indicates that mammalian faunas associated to these forests are composed of two main groups that are divided by the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca in: a) a Northern group that includes Sierra Madre of Chiapas-Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula; and b) an austral group, that contains the Pacific slope of Chiapas towards the South including Central America. Some individual phylogenetic studies of mammal species in the region support the relationships between the areas of endemism proposed, which suggest a common biogeographical history. in spite that Mesoamerica is considered one of the most important hotspots for biological conservation, the poor knowledge of the biogeographic patterns, the scarcity of protected areas, and the high rate of habitat transformation due to human activities, make prioritary the development of conservation strategies that include patterns of species richness, endemism, and mammalian associations.
Este trabajo presenta una propuesta de regionalización biogeográfica de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica, resultado de un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE), utilizando modelos de nicho ecológico (GARP) con mamíferos terrestres, usando 41 527 registros para las 233 especies de mamíferos reconocidas. La regionalización propuesta muestra que los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica se dividen por el istmo de Tehuantepec en Oaxaca en: a) un grupo septentrional que comprende la Sierra Madre de Chiapas-Guatemala y la Península de Yucatán, y b) un grupo austral, que contiene la vertiente pacífica hacia el sur incluyendo Centroamérica. Además se encontró congruencia con trabajos filogenéticos, lo que sugiere una historia biogeográfica común.